Khan, Moin.S (10 September 2012). "Air Bags for Automobiles". Kimio Toda; Abraham Salazar; Kozo Saito (21 December 2012). Automotive Painting Technology: A Monozukuri-Hitozukuri Perspective. Then, under the downward force of gravity, the tires can slam back into the road surface. Now back to some of the politics that mike likes to espouse… Broad commercial adoption of airbags occurred in many markets during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Many modern vehicles now include six or more units. Modern car paints are nearly always an acrylic polyurethane "enamel" with a pigmented basecoat and a clear topcoat. Modern car paint is typically made from acrylic-polyurethane hybrid dispersions, which are a combination of two different plastics. One part and two part formulations are often referred to as "1K" and "2K" respectively. Here, a minimum of two additional sensors are added to help the system work: these are a steering wheel angle sensor and a gyroscopic sensor. Particularly in North America for several decades, the designation AWD has been used and marketed - distinctly from 4X4 and 4WD - to apply to vehicles with drive train systems that have permanent drive, a differential between the front and rear drive shafts, and active management of torque transfer, especially following the advent of the anti-lock braking system (ABS).
In 1971, Nissan offered an EAL (Electro Anti-lock System) developed by Japanese company Denso as an option on the Nissan President, which became Japan's first electronic ABS. In 1974, GM offered driver and passenger airbags as optional equipment on large Cadillacs, Buicks, and Oldsmobiles. Passenger Information: Real-time passenger information systems use predictions based on AVL input to show the expected arrival and departure times of public transport services. Passenger cars and small delivery vans first type approved to UN Regulation 48 on or after 7 February 2011, and large vehicles (trucks and buses) type approved since August 2012, must be equipped with DRLs. Some countries permit or require vehicles to be equipped with daytime running lights (DRLs). In most countries, weather conditions rarely necessitate the use of front fog lights and there is no legal requirement for them, so their primary purpose is frequently cosmetic. However, some manufacturers who still offer fog lights as standard equipment in certain model trims have diversified its use to function also as an automatic lighting delay for vehicles, to light up surroundings and roadside curbs after being parked.
For example, in Russia, each vehicle may have no more than three pairs of driving lights (including the original lights), and in Paraguay, auxiliary driving lights must be off and covered with opaque material when the vehicle is operated in urban areas. Automakers and aftermarket parts and accessories suppliers frequently refer interchangeably to "fog lights" and "driving lights" (or "fog/driving lights"). Halogen headlights were developed in Europe in 1960. High-intensity discharge (HID) headlights were produced starting in 1991. In 1993, the first LED tail lights were installed on mass-production automobiles, with LED headlights subsequently being introduced in the 2000s as more powerful LEDs became available. They are sometimes used in place of dipped-beam headlights, reducing glare from fog or falling snow, although the legality of using front fog lights without low-beam headlights varies by jurisdiction. Despite the UK term, these are not the same as the side marker lights described below. As wonderful as electric vehicles are, they have no stream of waste heat that can be tapped for the same purpose, which poses a challenge - how to keep EV drivers and passengers comfortable when it’s cold outside? Because of the airbag exit flap design of the steering wheel boss and dashboard panel, these items are not designed to be recoverable if an airbag deploys, meaning that they have to be replaced if the vehicle has not been written off in a collision.
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