Following Reconstruction and the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, the Democratic Party came back to power. In 1937, Chrysler, Plymouth, DeSoto, and Dodge added such items as a flat, smooth dash with recessed controls, rounded door handles, a windshield wiper control made of rubber, and the back of the front seat heavily padded to provide protection for rear passengers. The Echo hatchback was offered in four different trims in Canada, the LE being the standard version available in three or five door variants. These classifications can be based on body style (e.g. sedan, coupe or hatchback), number of doors or seating capacity. The exception is the VW TDI (Turbocharged Direct Injection) engine for which a number of German companies offer single-tank conversions. Rudolf Diesel was the father of the engine which bears his name. Direct injection (DI) engines generally have to be preheated with a block heater or diesel fired heater. With often minimal modification, most residential furnaces and boilers that are designed to burn No. 2 heating oil can be made to burn either biodiesel or filtered, preheated waste vegetable oil (WVO). WVO can thus be an economical heating option for those with the necessary mechanical and experimental aptitude.
For long-term durability it has been found necessary to decrease the oil change interval and pay increased attention to engine maintenance. In colder climates it is often necessary to heat the vegetable oil fuel lines and tank as it can become very viscous and even solidify. One common solution is to add a heat exchanger and an additional fuel tank for the petrodiesel or biodiesel blend and to switch between this additional tank and the main tank of SVO/PPO. Conventional oil burners tend to clog and char if more than a smaller fraction of vegetable oil is mixed with conventional oil fuel. Virgin vegetable oil, also termed pure plant oil or straight vegetable oil, is extracted from plants solely for use as fuel. The main form of SVO/PPO used in the UK is rapeseed oil (also known as canola oil, primarily in the United States and Canada) which has a freezing point of −10 °C (14 °F). The 1970s also saw the formation of the first commercial enterprise to allow consumers to run straight vegetable oil in their automobiles, Elsbett of West Germany. Periodic petroleum shortages spurred research into vegetable oil as a diesel substitute during the 1930s and 1940s, and again in the 1970s and early 1980s when straight vegetable oil enjoyed its highest level of scientific interest.
Most diesel car engines are suitable for the use of straight vegetable oil (SVO), also commonly called pure plant oil (PPO), with certain modifications. A number of companies offer compression ignition engine generators optimized to run on plant oils where the waste engine heat is recovered for heating. Engine reliability would depend on the condition of the engine. Voltage tests only tell the state of charge, not the battery condition. Charles Henry Phelps v. The Cable Railway Company (Supreme Court of the State of New York 1886), Text. The full text of the letter can be found here. The most popular of these are the OM616 and OM617 engines found in the Mercedes-Benz W123 and W124 vehicles manufactured from 1980 through 1985. Indirect injection Mercedes-Benz vehicles with in-line injection pumps and cars featuring the PSA XUD engine tend to perform reasonably, especially as the latter is normally equipped with a coolant heated fuel filter. Ideally the engine would be converted.
The engine can kick back, causing sudden reverse rotation. Most metallurgical problems such as corrosion and electrolysis are related to water-based contamination or poor choices of plumbing (such as copper or zinc) which can cause gelling - even with petroleum-based fuels. When liquid fuels made from biomass are used for energy purposes other than transport, they are called bioliquids or biofuels. Straight vegetable oil can also be blended with conventional diesel or processed into biodiesel, HVO or bioliquids for use under a wider range of conditions. If the vegetable oil is cleaned at home by the consumer, WVO can result in considerable savings. Burning filtered WVO directly is somewhat more problematic, since it is more viscous and has a higher ignition temperature; nonetheless, its burning can be accomplished with suitable preheating or burners designed to operate on it. When the "traffic game" was system successful the designers suggested that a similar but more complex system be presented at the 18th Tokyo Motor Show late in 1971. A formal presentation was submitted to the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) in July 1970, and accepted that autumn.
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